There are fewer methods available for manufacturing internal splines due to accessibility restrictions. External splines may be broached, shaped (for example on a gear shaping machine), milled, hobbed, rolled, ground or extruded. There are two complementary types of spline, internal and external. This arrangement is commonly found in larger engines, whereas smaller engines typically use a pattern of threaded fasteners instead. There may be a master spline which is wider than the others, so that the propeller may go on at only one orientation, to maintain dynamic balance. Disc brake mounting interfaces that are splined include Centerlock, by Shimano.Īircraft engines may have a spline upon which mounts the propeller. Cassettes engage the freehub via a spline that has one groove wider than the others to enforce a fixed orientation. Some cranksets feature modular spiders, where torque is transmitted through splines. The crank arm to BB shaft interfaces that are splined include ISIS Drive, Truvativ GXP and Howitzer, Shimano's Octalink and many others, most of which are proprietary. Splines are used in several places in bicycles. Splines are ubiquitous in aerospace, due to the spline's higher reliability and fatigue life compared to keyed shafts. Matching splines of a bicycle cassette and freehub with a master spline visible at the topĭrive shafts on vehicles and power take-offs use splines to transmit torque and rotation and allow for changes in length. To allow longer travel the outer spline can incorporate channels to re-circulate the balls, in this way torque can be transferred from a long shaft while travelling up or down the length. Ball splines where the grooves of the inner and outer parts are formed as linear races filled with ball bearings to allow for free linear motion even under high torque. This can either minimize stress concentrations for a stationary joint under high load, or allow for rotary and linear motion between the parts. Helical splines where the equally spaced grooves form a helix about the shaft. Serrations where the sides of the equally spaced grooves form a "V". Crowned splines where the sides of the equally spaced grooves are usually involute, but the male teeth are modified to allow for misalignment. The curves increase strength by decreasing stress concentrations. Involute spline where the sides of the equally spaced grooves are involute, as with an involute gear, but not as tall. There are several types of splines: Parallel key spline where the sides of the equally spaced grooves are parallel in both directions, radial and axial. An alternative to splines is a keyway and key, though splines provide a longer fatigue life, and can carry significantly greater torques for the size. Adjacent images in the section below show a transmission input shaft with male splines and a clutch plate with mating female splines in the center hub, where the smooth tip of the axle would be supported in a pilot bearing in the flywheel (not pictured). On a drive shaft that matches with groove in a mating piece and transfer torque to it, maintaining the angular correspondence between them.įor instance, a gear mounted on a shaft might use a male spline on the shaft that matches the female spline on the gear. Ridges or teeth on a drive shaft that transfer torque to interlocking components
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